Fact sheet: 
CONCENTRATION OF MANDELIC ACID: 99.9%

PERCENTAGE TO USE: 5% to 10%.

CAS NO: 611-71-2

MOLECULAR FORMULA / MOLECULAR WEIGHT: C8H8O3 = 152.15

APPEARANCE: White to Light yellow powder to crystal

SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water (15.87 g/100 mL OR 1gm/6.3 ml) and
freely soluble in isopropyl and ethyl alcohol.

STORAGE: 8 TO 25°C (COOL & DRY AREA)

SHELF LIFE: 60 MONTHS.

PKa: 3.37(at 25C)

OPTIMAL PH RANGE: Between 2.5 and 3.5. (However, if the pH is too low,
it can cause skin irritation )

TIME TO WORK: On average it will take 1-2 months of consistent topical use of Mandelic acid before you begin to see improvements.

RECOMMENDED TEMPERATURE FOR DISSOLVING MANDELIC ACID: The recommended temperature range for dissolving mandelic acid is between 40-50°C (104-122°F)

HOW TO DISSOLVE FOR 5% 50ML D MANDELIC SERUM:
CALCULATION FOR MANDELIC ACID: 5 × 50 ÷ 100 = 2.5 GM

CALCULATION FOR DISTILLED WATER: 50-2.5 = 47.5 ML

It is important to note that mandelic acid should be dissolved slowly and gently to prevent degradation or decomposition. It is recommended to dissolve it with constant stirring and a low heat source to avoid overheating the solution. The recommended temperature range for dissolving mandelic acid is between 40-50°C (104-122°F).

NOTE: This dissolved solution can be added to lotions, creams, fluids, makeup products, serums, etc. 

MANDELIC ACID FORMULAION GUIDE:
Simple formulation: 

Ingredients:

-2% Mandelic acid
-98% distilled water

Instructions:

-In a clean container, measure out 2% Mandelic acid and 98% distilled water.
-Mix the two ingredients together until they are fully combined.
-Transfer the solution into a spray bottle or toner bottle.
-To use, apply a small amount of the Mandelic acid toner to a cotton pad and gently swipe over clean, dry skin. Avoid the eye area.
-Follow with your usual skincare routine, including sunscreen.

Note: This formulation is a simple starting point and it is important to properly test and adjust it based on skin tolerance. It is also important to wear sunscreen when using Mandelic acid as it can increase skin sensitivity to the sun.

Advanced formulation:

Ingredients:

-5% mandelic acid
-2% niacinamide
-1% panthenol
-1% glycerin
-0.5% xanthan gum
-90.5% distilled water

Instructions:

-In a small beaker or mixing bowl, combine the mandelic acid and niacinamide.
-In a separate beaker, combine the panthenol and glycerin.
-Slowly sprinkle the xanthan gum into the panthenol-glycerin mixture while stirring vigorously to avoid clumps.
-Add the distilled water to the panthenol-glycerin-xanthan gum mixture and stir until well combined.
-Add the mandelic acid-niacinamide mixture to the water mixture and stir until well combined.
-Adjust the pH of the serum to around 3.5-4.5 using citric acid or sodium hydroxide.
-Transfer the serum to a bottle with a dropper.

It's important to note that mandelic acid can be irritating to some people, especially if used at high concentrations or if used too frequently. Be sure to patch test and gradually introduce the serum into your skincare routine. Additionally, always wear sunscreen when using products containing alpha-hydroxy acids as they can increase sun sensitivity.